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John Locke By: Felipe Hidalgo
• • • • •
Born: August 29, 1632 in Warrington a village in Somerset, England. Death: October 28, 1704 in Oates, Essex Nationality: English Education: University of Oxford, Westminster School Areas of interest: political theory, education, toleration theory, and theology
• Influential philosopher and physician John Locke, who had a lot of impact on Western philosophy, • Had ideas concerning the natural rights of man and the social contract. His ideas created controversy in England and were the building blocks of French and US revolutions. Locke was very influential.
Biography
• His works are: • 1689) A Letter Concerning Toleration • (1690) A Second Letter Concerning Toleration • (1692) A Third Letter for Toleration • (1689) Two Treatises of Government • (1690) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding • (1693) Some Thoughts Concerning Education • (1695) The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures • (1695) A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity
Famous Works
PHILOSOPHIES AND BELIEFS John Locke’s philosophies and beliefs.
• John Locke believed that when one selects a governor for his country he or she is giving up their natural power. He believed that a community gave up their natural rights to the government, because they thought the government could protect their rights in a better way. He also said that if a government breaks that trust or violates their natural rights they should be replaced. John Locke also thought that there were some areas that the government shouldn’t mess with. He thought it was inappropriate for them to get involved in everything. Locke stated that because God gave man the ability to think, a well-managed government that can be fair and respect the people’s natural rights fulfills the purpose of humanity. He believed that natural rights, their order and their laws are permanent and that governments are only contributing to that. They contribute if they are selected well.
Philosophies & Beliefs
• Locke believed that knowledge comes only from experience. He said that people are a blank slate when they are born. They come to the world to experience and to learn things. Locke believed that knowledge doesn’t go beyond human ideas. We are limited to experience and we cannot experience everything in this world, therefore he believed that our knowledge was compromised. For example he believed that we also have a way to demonstrate God’s existence due to the fact that we don’t understand who or what He is in a complete way. We cannot just invent things in our mind and expect them to make sense. Another example he gave was that a blind man couldn’t know what color is because he has never experienced it, and those people who can see know there is color because we experience it everyday. Knowledge is based only on experience.
Philosophies & Beliefs
• John Locke also believed in reason, and pleasure .He believed that God allowed us to reason and to seek pleasure instead of pain. We seek things that entertain us, and that give us pleasure. We can reason that something is not good for us, and we don’t do it anymore. We have to experience things and reason. Locke believed that if people followed the government without any doubt, they are surrendering their reason and seek for pleasure. They had to observe and think about what the government was doing. They had to reason and seek for pleasure by knowing their government did the correct things.
Philosophies & Beliefs
• Locke also believed in the Right to Private Property. He believed that if a man uses and creates something from the materials and tools God gave him, then what he created is rightfully his. A man who farms in his land to grow food is the rightful owner of that land since, he has taken the time to build it and use it. The land is his due to his effort. Locke stated that each person who used a tool or material God provided, to be happy and continue life, should be granted the right and ownership to that property, creation or machine. Everyone can own something.
Philosophies & Beliefs
INFLUENCES Influences Locke had during his time and in the present.
• Locke had an important effect on political philosophy, especially in modern liberalism. Philosophers argue that Locke began liberalism by ending absolutism. He clearly separated the church from the state. His Essays and Social Contract influenced The US Declaration of Independence, and the founding fathers of the US like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. John Locke was a very influential philosopher regarded as an influence in modern liberalism. His works are very important to the modern world.
Influence in General
• Locke had a lot of influence on religion with his Letters Concerning Toleration. In his book he had three significant arguments. The first is that people shouldn’t believe in everything a church member says. They can have biases and are never the absolute truth. Second, even if the church could, it could not have a religion based on fear. Belief cannot be due to violence, it has to be a choice. The last and third argument is that obligating everyone to follow one single religion would cause more chaos than allowing different religion to coexist.
Religion
• Locke created his social contract theory. He believed that humans are characterized by reason, selfishness, and tolerance. His beliefs impacted the American and French Revolutions. For example in the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson was influenced by his thoughts. His social contract was used to set an agreement between those ruled and their rulers. It also allowed people to change their ruler, through rebellion, if he or she took away basic rights. Locke was very influential in the US Declaration of Independence.
Politics
TOPIC ANALYSES Locke’s Government, Education, Religion, and Economy thoughts.
• Locke wanted to stop the acceptance of patriarchalism, which is the absolute power of the King. The king had absolute power in Britain. The people had total acceptance for this, and John Locke wanted to change that. Locke also thought that each man has property of his own life. He believed that a government should take care of their people, but should not impose over them. They should not limit everything, and make laws just because they wanted to. The Government should be a trustworthy leader of the people
Govenrment
• John Locke had three economic laws he believed in. The first was that the natural value of any good is not necessarily reflected on the item’s price. Second, that the market of goods depends only on supply and demand. If there was no demand, there couldn’t be supply. It didn’t make sense for it to happen otherwise. Locke’s third and final economic rule is that price was determined by the quantity of money relative to the supply and demand for product’s. If there was more demand and less supply, the price rose, but if there was less demand and more supply, the price went down. He defended his economic laws and solemnly believed in them.
Economy
• He believed that nature had regulated laws given by God. He also believed that each man had a direct relationship with God, and that they were God’s property. He believed that God’s teachings are the explanation to the laws of nature. Locke was accused of being a deist; a person who believes God created the world, but has then left it and is not present in it anymore. His theories and ways of thinking made him controversial.
Religion
• Locke believed that because a child grows to be a man, he should do it in the healthiest way possible. He believed that boys should be home-schooled, well fed, clothed, and taught to be a healthy human being. A father should turn into a child’s friend by teaching him everything he knows. He though that beating should never be present in a child’s life. Locke believed that a child should be taught subjects like: geography, arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, chronology, history, etc. Besides this, he believed that useful teachings were dancing, the love for music, gardening, among others. Locke wanted the best education possible for a child. His theories were new and advanced for his time.
Education
TEXT ANALYSIS Analysis of the Original Text: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding By: John Locke
• 1. Idea is the object of thinking. Every man being conscious to himself that he thinks; and that which his mind is applied about whilst thinking being the ideas that are there, it is past doubt that men have in their minds several ideas,- such as are those expressed by the words whiteness, hardness, sweetness, thinking, motion, man, elephant, army, drunkenness, and others: it is in the first place then to be inquired, How he comes by them? • I know it is a received doctrine that men have native ideas, and original characters, stamped upon their minds in their very first being. This opinion I have at large examined already; and, I suppose what I have said in the foregoing Book will be much more easily itted, when I have shown whence the understanding may get all the ideas it has; and by what ways and degrees they may come into the mind;- for which I shall appeal to every one's own observation and experience. • 2.All ideas come from sensation or reflection. Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas:- How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from EXPERIENCE. In that all our knowledge is founded; and from that it ultimately derives itself. Our observation employed either, about external sensible objects, or about the internal operations of our minds perceived and reflected on by ourselves, is that which supplies our understandings with all the materials of thinking. These two are the fountains of knowledge, from whence all the ideas we have, or can naturally have, do spring. • Source: http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke1/Book2a.html#Chapter%20I
Original Text By: John Locke
• Name: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding • Published in 1689 • Audience: Locke wanted his Essay to be read by people who believe it is very important to think about human reason. He was searching for readers who valued individualism and how humans thought. He attempted to show how Christianity was consistent with human reason. He wanted his audience to be self-centered, he didn’t want to fight the Church or try to prove it wrong. He wanted individualists, and he got a lot of them to read his Essay.
Original Text Info & Audience
• Analysis: John Locke set three goals for his Essay; to discover where ideas come from, to observe what these ideas mean and what an idea is, and to observe issues of religion and opinion. An example of what he did in his book was to discover where ideas come from. He said that he opposes to the common belief that we are al born knowing “whatever is, is”. Locke stated that every person does not accept that. Locke stated that humans cannot come to life with natural thoughts. They have to be taught to them, or the person that knows it has to think about it before understanding. Ideas came from the experience a person had. Locke believed that it came from sensation or reflection. John Locke did not believe in natural thoughts. He thought that it could not just happen to someone. They could not have been born with the thought. They had to receive it or learn it by themselves. There were no natural thoughts. Humans are a blank slate. Born without any knowledge.
Original Text Analysis
• Influence: John Locke has influenced many people’s thoughts over the years with his essays. With this particular one there is one example I like: Charles Taylor. He is a Canadian philosopher who believes that his Essay marks the beginning of the modern West world. Besides Taylor, Jerrold Siegel believes is the same thing. It is clear that John Locke has had an important influence in the modern world.
Original Text Influence
• John Locke - Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.egs.edu/library/john-locke/biography/ • The EGS was established as a Graduate School in 1994, it is a website which constantly updates its information from the school’s professors. • A Biography of John Locke (1632-1704). (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/john-locke/ • American History originated from a group of students interested in US history from the Arts Faculty of the University of Groningen, which has then grown into a large website which renews its information constantly • A Biography of John Locke (1632-1704). (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/john-locke/ • Biography is a website that specializes in biographies of famous people. It has over 7,000 biographies and always updates its information.
Bibliography
• Tuckness, A. (2005, November 9). Locke's Political Philosophy. Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-political / • The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is the online encyclopedia of the University of Stanford. It has the best information available on subjects and is always renewing its information. • Journal of Management History (Archive). (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/ 13552529710181578 • Emerald is a global publisher of research that uses researchers to help the website publish extremely accurate information. It renewed its information this year. It specializes on history and research. • BOOK II: Locke's ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke1/Book2a.html#Chapter • Oregon State University is a prestigious university in Oregon. Its website has the university’s information at hand and it provides accurate and updated information.
Bibliography
• Guide to Locke's Essay. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.philosophypages.com/locke/ • Philosophy Pages is a website which specializes in Locke’s work and provides accurate information on the Enlightment Thinker. • Project MUSE - The Politics and Philosophy of Mixture: John Locke Recomposed. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ecy/summary/v048/ 48.3schmidgen.html • Project MUSE wants high-quality scholarly content for its website. It was launched in 2012 and always updates its information. It is a leading provider of digital humanities and social science content for the scholarly community. • Religion and secularity John Locke Influences. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/939950/Charles-Taylor/300444/Religion-andsecularity • Britannica is an online Encyclopedia that continues to update its high quality information. It gets information from the best sources like professors and researchers. • Images: Google Images
Bibliography
• • • • •
Born: August 29, 1632 in Warrington a village in Somerset, England. Death: October 28, 1704 in Oates, Essex Nationality: English Education: University of Oxford, Westminster School Areas of interest: political theory, education, toleration theory, and theology
• Influential philosopher and physician John Locke, who had a lot of impact on Western philosophy, • Had ideas concerning the natural rights of man and the social contract. His ideas created controversy in England and were the building blocks of French and US revolutions. Locke was very influential.
Biography
• His works are: • 1689) A Letter Concerning Toleration • (1690) A Second Letter Concerning Toleration • (1692) A Third Letter for Toleration • (1689) Two Treatises of Government • (1690) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding • (1693) Some Thoughts Concerning Education • (1695) The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures • (1695) A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity
Famous Works
PHILOSOPHIES AND BELIEFS John Locke’s philosophies and beliefs.
• John Locke believed that when one selects a governor for his country he or she is giving up their natural power. He believed that a community gave up their natural rights to the government, because they thought the government could protect their rights in a better way. He also said that if a government breaks that trust or violates their natural rights they should be replaced. John Locke also thought that there were some areas that the government shouldn’t mess with. He thought it was inappropriate for them to get involved in everything. Locke stated that because God gave man the ability to think, a well-managed government that can be fair and respect the people’s natural rights fulfills the purpose of humanity. He believed that natural rights, their order and their laws are permanent and that governments are only contributing to that. They contribute if they are selected well.
Philosophies & Beliefs
• Locke believed that knowledge comes only from experience. He said that people are a blank slate when they are born. They come to the world to experience and to learn things. Locke believed that knowledge doesn’t go beyond human ideas. We are limited to experience and we cannot experience everything in this world, therefore he believed that our knowledge was compromised. For example he believed that we also have a way to demonstrate God’s existence due to the fact that we don’t understand who or what He is in a complete way. We cannot just invent things in our mind and expect them to make sense. Another example he gave was that a blind man couldn’t know what color is because he has never experienced it, and those people who can see know there is color because we experience it everyday. Knowledge is based only on experience.
Philosophies & Beliefs
• John Locke also believed in reason, and pleasure .He believed that God allowed us to reason and to seek pleasure instead of pain. We seek things that entertain us, and that give us pleasure. We can reason that something is not good for us, and we don’t do it anymore. We have to experience things and reason. Locke believed that if people followed the government without any doubt, they are surrendering their reason and seek for pleasure. They had to observe and think about what the government was doing. They had to reason and seek for pleasure by knowing their government did the correct things.
Philosophies & Beliefs
• Locke also believed in the Right to Private Property. He believed that if a man uses and creates something from the materials and tools God gave him, then what he created is rightfully his. A man who farms in his land to grow food is the rightful owner of that land since, he has taken the time to build it and use it. The land is his due to his effort. Locke stated that each person who used a tool or material God provided, to be happy and continue life, should be granted the right and ownership to that property, creation or machine. Everyone can own something.
Philosophies & Beliefs
INFLUENCES Influences Locke had during his time and in the present.
• Locke had an important effect on political philosophy, especially in modern liberalism. Philosophers argue that Locke began liberalism by ending absolutism. He clearly separated the church from the state. His Essays and Social Contract influenced The US Declaration of Independence, and the founding fathers of the US like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. John Locke was a very influential philosopher regarded as an influence in modern liberalism. His works are very important to the modern world.
Influence in General
• Locke had a lot of influence on religion with his Letters Concerning Toleration. In his book he had three significant arguments. The first is that people shouldn’t believe in everything a church member says. They can have biases and are never the absolute truth. Second, even if the church could, it could not have a religion based on fear. Belief cannot be due to violence, it has to be a choice. The last and third argument is that obligating everyone to follow one single religion would cause more chaos than allowing different religion to coexist.
Religion
• Locke created his social contract theory. He believed that humans are characterized by reason, selfishness, and tolerance. His beliefs impacted the American and French Revolutions. For example in the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson was influenced by his thoughts. His social contract was used to set an agreement between those ruled and their rulers. It also allowed people to change their ruler, through rebellion, if he or she took away basic rights. Locke was very influential in the US Declaration of Independence.
Politics
TOPIC ANALYSES Locke’s Government, Education, Religion, and Economy thoughts.
• Locke wanted to stop the acceptance of patriarchalism, which is the absolute power of the King. The king had absolute power in Britain. The people had total acceptance for this, and John Locke wanted to change that. Locke also thought that each man has property of his own life. He believed that a government should take care of their people, but should not impose over them. They should not limit everything, and make laws just because they wanted to. The Government should be a trustworthy leader of the people
Govenrment
• John Locke had three economic laws he believed in. The first was that the natural value of any good is not necessarily reflected on the item’s price. Second, that the market of goods depends only on supply and demand. If there was no demand, there couldn’t be supply. It didn’t make sense for it to happen otherwise. Locke’s third and final economic rule is that price was determined by the quantity of money relative to the supply and demand for product’s. If there was more demand and less supply, the price rose, but if there was less demand and more supply, the price went down. He defended his economic laws and solemnly believed in them.
Economy
• He believed that nature had regulated laws given by God. He also believed that each man had a direct relationship with God, and that they were God’s property. He believed that God’s teachings are the explanation to the laws of nature. Locke was accused of being a deist; a person who believes God created the world, but has then left it and is not present in it anymore. His theories and ways of thinking made him controversial.
Religion
• Locke believed that because a child grows to be a man, he should do it in the healthiest way possible. He believed that boys should be home-schooled, well fed, clothed, and taught to be a healthy human being. A father should turn into a child’s friend by teaching him everything he knows. He though that beating should never be present in a child’s life. Locke believed that a child should be taught subjects like: geography, arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, chronology, history, etc. Besides this, he believed that useful teachings were dancing, the love for music, gardening, among others. Locke wanted the best education possible for a child. His theories were new and advanced for his time.
Education
TEXT ANALYSIS Analysis of the Original Text: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding By: John Locke
• 1. Idea is the object of thinking. Every man being conscious to himself that he thinks; and that which his mind is applied about whilst thinking being the ideas that are there, it is past doubt that men have in their minds several ideas,- such as are those expressed by the words whiteness, hardness, sweetness, thinking, motion, man, elephant, army, drunkenness, and others: it is in the first place then to be inquired, How he comes by them? • I know it is a received doctrine that men have native ideas, and original characters, stamped upon their minds in their very first being. This opinion I have at large examined already; and, I suppose what I have said in the foregoing Book will be much more easily itted, when I have shown whence the understanding may get all the ideas it has; and by what ways and degrees they may come into the mind;- for which I shall appeal to every one's own observation and experience. • 2.All ideas come from sensation or reflection. Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas:- How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from EXPERIENCE. In that all our knowledge is founded; and from that it ultimately derives itself. Our observation employed either, about external sensible objects, or about the internal operations of our minds perceived and reflected on by ourselves, is that which supplies our understandings with all the materials of thinking. These two are the fountains of knowledge, from whence all the ideas we have, or can naturally have, do spring. • Source: http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke1/Book2a.html#Chapter%20I
Original Text By: John Locke
• Name: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding • Published in 1689 • Audience: Locke wanted his Essay to be read by people who believe it is very important to think about human reason. He was searching for readers who valued individualism and how humans thought. He attempted to show how Christianity was consistent with human reason. He wanted his audience to be self-centered, he didn’t want to fight the Church or try to prove it wrong. He wanted individualists, and he got a lot of them to read his Essay.
Original Text Info & Audience
• Analysis: John Locke set three goals for his Essay; to discover where ideas come from, to observe what these ideas mean and what an idea is, and to observe issues of religion and opinion. An example of what he did in his book was to discover where ideas come from. He said that he opposes to the common belief that we are al born knowing “whatever is, is”. Locke stated that every person does not accept that. Locke stated that humans cannot come to life with natural thoughts. They have to be taught to them, or the person that knows it has to think about it before understanding. Ideas came from the experience a person had. Locke believed that it came from sensation or reflection. John Locke did not believe in natural thoughts. He thought that it could not just happen to someone. They could not have been born with the thought. They had to receive it or learn it by themselves. There were no natural thoughts. Humans are a blank slate. Born without any knowledge.
Original Text Analysis
• Influence: John Locke has influenced many people’s thoughts over the years with his essays. With this particular one there is one example I like: Charles Taylor. He is a Canadian philosopher who believes that his Essay marks the beginning of the modern West world. Besides Taylor, Jerrold Siegel believes is the same thing. It is clear that John Locke has had an important influence in the modern world.
Original Text Influence
• John Locke - Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.egs.edu/library/john-locke/biography/ • The EGS was established as a Graduate School in 1994, it is a website which constantly updates its information from the school’s professors. • A Biography of John Locke (1632-1704). (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/john-locke/ • American History originated from a group of students interested in US history from the Arts Faculty of the University of Groningen, which has then grown into a large website which renews its information constantly • A Biography of John Locke (1632-1704). (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/john-locke/ • Biography is a website that specializes in biographies of famous people. It has over 7,000 biographies and always updates its information.
Bibliography
• Tuckness, A. (2005, November 9). Locke's Political Philosophy. Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-political / • The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is the online encyclopedia of the University of Stanford. It has the best information available on subjects and is always renewing its information. • Journal of Management History (Archive). (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/ 13552529710181578 • Emerald is a global publisher of research that uses researchers to help the website publish extremely accurate information. It renewed its information this year. It specializes on history and research. • BOOK II: Locke's ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke1/Book2a.html#Chapter • Oregon State University is a prestigious university in Oregon. Its website has the university’s information at hand and it provides accurate and updated information.
Bibliography
• Guide to Locke's Essay. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.philosophypages.com/locke/ • Philosophy Pages is a website which specializes in Locke’s work and provides accurate information on the Enlightment Thinker. • Project MUSE - The Politics and Philosophy of Mixture: John Locke Recomposed. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ecy/summary/v048/ 48.3schmidgen.html • Project MUSE wants high-quality scholarly content for its website. It was launched in 2012 and always updates its information. It is a leading provider of digital humanities and social science content for the scholarly community. • Religion and secularity John Locke Influences. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2014, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/939950/Charles-Taylor/300444/Religion-andsecularity • Britannica is an online Encyclopedia that continues to update its high quality information. It gets information from the best sources like professors and researchers. • Images: Google Images
Bibliography
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