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FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
1/3 LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE To familiar with the physical properties of minerals in laboratory by hand.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Students should able to identify various specimens of mineral by physical testing. b) Students should able to identify minerals content in rock formation.
3.0 THEORY Each mineral possesses certain physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognized or identified. Some are subjected to certain simple tests. Physical properties are useful in mineral identification. A mineral can be defined as a natural inorganic substance having a particular chemical composition or range of composition, and a regular atomic structure to which its crystalline from is related. To study rocks, it is necessary to know the rock forming minerals.
4.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS a) b) c) d) e)
Minerals from Reference Set Hardness Pens Set Information & Hints Eye dropper bottle with dilute HCI (appx. 10% solution) Mineral Identification Chart
5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples according by doing few physical tests and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.1 attached for: a) b) c) d) e) f)
Name of mineral Colour Luster Hardness Reaction with acid Others/usage
Prepared by
:
Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer
Name
:
Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin
Signature
:
Date
:
8 January 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
2/3 LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
(a) MINERALS NAMES Refer to the samples prepared (Mineral from reference set).
(b) COLOUR The colour of the mineral is that seen by eye. Colour may be influenced by impurities in the sample, the light in the room or strong reflective surfaces. Therefore, colour is a general rather than specific indicator.
(c) STREAK Streak is the colour of a mineral in its powdered form. We can observe streak when we scraped a mineral along a roughened surface such as unglazed pottery (porcelain slab – streak plate), that mark left behind can be a characteristic feature of the mineral. The streak is not necessarily the same as the colour of the mineral.
(d) LUSTRE Luster is reflected from the surface of a mineral, the amount of light is a function of the state of the surface. Luster is described in of the degree of brightness. Metallic Submetallic Dull Viterous
Like polished metal Less brilliant e.g. chalk Like broken glass
(e) HARDNESS The resistance of a mineral to abrasion (scratching) is termed hardness. This property is determined by rubbing the mineral to be identified against another mineral of known hardness. One will stretch the other (unless they have the same hardness). Geologists used a standard hardness scale, called the Mohs scale developed by German Mineralogist Friedrich Mohs (1773 – 1839) which assigns relative hardnesses to several common and a few rare and precious minerals as given below. Relative hardness 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Minerals Diamond Corundum Topaz Quartz Feldspar Apatite Fluorite Calcite Gypsum Talc
Mineralogy Carbon Alumina Aluminium silicate Silica Alkali silica Calcium phosphate Calcium fluoride Calcium carbonate Hydrated calcium sulphate Hydrated magnesium silicate
(f) REACTION WITH ACID When dilute hydrochloric acid (typically 10%) is capped on to some minerals a reaction takes place. On calcite (CaCO3) bubbles of carbon dioxide are produced, in some iron sulphide ores, hydrogen sulphide is produced.
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
3/3 LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION Briefly describe and explain two (2) classifications of minerals for each type.
8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your results of the mineral samples in the Table 1.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.1 NAME
COLOUR
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS IDENTIFICATION
STREAK
LUSTER
HARDNESS
REACTION WITH ACID
SKETCH
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK (LAB 1b)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
1/2 LAB 1b
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of igneous rock specimen in the laboratory.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) b) c)
Students should able to recognize types of igneous rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of igneous rocks for civil engineering application. Students should able to understand igneous rock forming on the earth.
3.0 THEORY (a) Criteria for distinguishing igneous rock In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is igneous or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the igneous rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic Interlocking grains, massive structures
Igneous
Texture such as glassy, prophyritic, phaneritic, aphantic High feldspar or ferromagnesian content Absent of stratification or fossils
(b) Description Physical characteristics
Colour Massive – rock is uniform in appearance showing no banding or other structural features
Structure
Pegmatite – the rock is very coarse grained Vesicular – the rock contains many cavities Crystallinty or degree of crystallization Holocrystalline – wholly crystalline Hemicrystalline – partly crystals and partly glass Holohyaline – wholly glass
Texture Granularity, the size of crystals Fine-grained when particles are 1 mm or less in diameter Medium grained when particles are 1 – 5 mm or more in diameter Coarse grained when the particles are 5 mm or more in diameter
Prepared by
:
Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer
Name
:
Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin
Signature
:
Date
:
8 January 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK (LAB 1b)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
2/2 LAB 1b
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Igneous rock from reference set b) Igneous classification chart
5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the igneous classification charts and tabulate the results observation in the Tables 1.2.1 attached.
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS a) Rock name b) Texture c) Colour d) Mineral composition e) Chemical composition f) Origin g) Sketch / Others
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION (1) Briefly explain two (2) types of igneous rock (2) Explain the igneous rock classification according to the texture and chemical and mineral composition.
8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the igneous rock in the given Table 1.2.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.1 ROCK NAME
TEXTURE
COLOUR
IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK MINERAL COMPOSITION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
ORIGIN
SKETCH
IGNEOUS CLASSIFICATION CHART
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK (LAB 1c)
NO. OF PAGES:
1/2
EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
LAB 1c
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of sedimentary rock specimen in the laboratory.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Students should able to recognize types of sedimentary rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. b) Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of sedimentary rocks for civil engineering application. c) Students should able to understand sedimentary rock forming on the earth.
3.0 THEORY
(a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is sedimentary or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the sedimentary rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic Stratification and sorting of grains into layers according to their size. Fragmental texture. Grains often rounded.
Sedimentary
Structures such as bedding, ripple marks and mud cracks. Presence of fossils. Presence of minerals of chemical or organic origin, such as halite, gypsum, chert carbonates. Absence of easily weathered minerals such as biotite and augite.
(b) Description
Physical characteristics Structure
Colour Massive, bedded or cross bedded Note whether grain is uniform or uneven.
Grain and constituents
To be uneven, there must be marked contras between larger and smaller grains. If the rock is uniform, it is usually fine in grain and does not show definite fragments, but may contain fossils.
Prepared by
:
Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer
Name
:
Mohd Hazreek bin Zainal Abidin
Signature
:
Date
:
8 January 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK (LAB 1c)
NO. OF PAGES:
2/2
EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
LAB 1c
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Sedimentary rock from reference set b) Sedimentary classification chart
5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the sedimentary classification charts and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.2 attached.
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS a) Rock name b) Texture c) Mode of origin d) Composition of clastic rock e) Composition of crystalline rock f) Sketch / others
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION (1) List the characteristics that distinguish sedimentary rocks from igneous and metamorphic rocks. (2) Explain all the genesis of sedimentary rocks.
8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the sedimentary rock in the given Table 1.2.2 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.2 ROCK NAME
TEXTURE
IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
MODE OF ORIGIN
COMPOSITION OF ROCK
CLASSIFICATION
SKETCH
SEDIMENTARY CLASSIFICATION CHART
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK (LAB 1d)
NO. OF PAGES:
1/2
EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
LAB 1d
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of metamorphic rock specimen in the laboratory.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) b) c)
Students should able to recognize types of metamorphic rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of metamorphic rocks for civil engineering application. Students should able to understand metamorphic rock forming on the earth.
3.0 THEORY
(a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is metamorphic or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the metamorphic rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic Parallel orientation of mineral crystals.
Metamorphic
Interlocking crystal. Secondary cleavage independent bedding. Foliation, schistosity and slaty texture.
(b) Description
Physical characteristics
Colour Decide whether the rock is best described as uniform fine grained, medium fine grained or coarse grained.
Structure and Grain
The coarser grained granular rocks results from high-grade metamorphism in which great pressure from many directions, not from one direction only, has been the dominant factor.
Prepared by
:
Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer
Name
:
Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin
Signature
:
Date
:
8 January 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK (LAB 1d)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
1/2 LAB 1d
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Metamorphic rock from reference set b) Metamorphic classification chart
5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the metamorphic classification charts and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.3 attached.
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS (a) Rock name (b) Structure (c) Grain (d) Mineral composition (e) Parent Rock (f) Metamorphism type (e) Sketch / Others
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION (1) What is foliation? (2) Distinguish between slaty cleavage, phyllitic, schistosity and gneissic texture.
8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the metamorphic rock in the given Table 1.2.3 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.4 ROCK NAME
STRUCTURE
GRAIN
IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK MINERAL COMPOSITION
PARENT ROCK
METAMORPHISM TYPE
SKETCH
METAMORPHIC CLASSIFICATION CHART
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
1/3 LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE To familiar with the physical properties of minerals in laboratory by hand.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Students should able to identify various specimens of mineral by physical testing. b) Students should able to identify minerals content in rock formation.
3.0 THEORY Each mineral possesses certain physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognized or identified. Some are subjected to certain simple tests. Physical properties are useful in mineral identification. A mineral can be defined as a natural inorganic substance having a particular chemical composition or range of composition, and a regular atomic structure to which its crystalline from is related. To study rocks, it is necessary to know the rock forming minerals.
4.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS a) b) c) d) e)
Minerals from Reference Set Hardness Pens Set Information & Hints Eye dropper bottle with dilute HCI (appx. 10% solution) Mineral Identification Chart
5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples according by doing few physical tests and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.1 attached for: a) b) c) d) e) f)
Name of mineral Colour Luster Hardness Reaction with acid Others/usage
Prepared by
:
Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer
Name
:
Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin
Signature
:
Date
:
8 January 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
2/3 LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
(a) MINERALS NAMES Refer to the samples prepared (Mineral from reference set).
(b) COLOUR The colour of the mineral is that seen by eye. Colour may be influenced by impurities in the sample, the light in the room or strong reflective surfaces. Therefore, colour is a general rather than specific indicator.
(c) STREAK Streak is the colour of a mineral in its powdered form. We can observe streak when we scraped a mineral along a roughened surface such as unglazed pottery (porcelain slab – streak plate), that mark left behind can be a characteristic feature of the mineral. The streak is not necessarily the same as the colour of the mineral.
(d) LUSTRE Luster is reflected from the surface of a mineral, the amount of light is a function of the state of the surface. Luster is described in of the degree of brightness. Metallic Submetallic Dull Viterous
Like polished metal Less brilliant e.g. chalk Like broken glass
(e) HARDNESS The resistance of a mineral to abrasion (scratching) is termed hardness. This property is determined by rubbing the mineral to be identified against another mineral of known hardness. One will stretch the other (unless they have the same hardness). Geologists used a standard hardness scale, called the Mohs scale developed by German Mineralogist Friedrich Mohs (1773 – 1839) which assigns relative hardnesses to several common and a few rare and precious minerals as given below. Relative hardness 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Minerals Diamond Corundum Topaz Quartz Feldspar Apatite Fluorite Calcite Gypsum Talc
Mineralogy Carbon Alumina Aluminium silicate Silica Alkali silica Calcium phosphate Calcium fluoride Calcium carbonate Hydrated calcium sulphate Hydrated magnesium silicate
(f) REACTION WITH ACID When dilute hydrochloric acid (typically 10%) is capped on to some minerals a reaction takes place. On calcite (CaCO3) bubbles of carbon dioxide are produced, in some iron sulphide ores, hydrogen sulphide is produced.
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
3/3 LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION Briefly describe and explain two (2) classifications of minerals for each type.
8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your results of the mineral samples in the Table 1.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.1 NAME
COLOUR
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS IDENTIFICATION
STREAK
LUSTER
HARDNESS
REACTION WITH ACID
SKETCH
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK (LAB 1b)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
1/2 LAB 1b
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of igneous rock specimen in the laboratory.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) b) c)
Students should able to recognize types of igneous rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of igneous rocks for civil engineering application. Students should able to understand igneous rock forming on the earth.
3.0 THEORY (a) Criteria for distinguishing igneous rock In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is igneous or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the igneous rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic Interlocking grains, massive structures
Igneous
Texture such as glassy, prophyritic, phaneritic, aphantic High feldspar or ferromagnesian content Absent of stratification or fossils
(b) Description Physical characteristics
Colour Massive – rock is uniform in appearance showing no banding or other structural features
Structure
Pegmatite – the rock is very coarse grained Vesicular – the rock contains many cavities Crystallinty or degree of crystallization Holocrystalline – wholly crystalline Hemicrystalline – partly crystals and partly glass Holohyaline – wholly glass
Texture Granularity, the size of crystals Fine-grained when particles are 1 mm or less in diameter Medium grained when particles are 1 – 5 mm or more in diameter Coarse grained when the particles are 5 mm or more in diameter
Prepared by
:
Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer
Name
:
Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin
Signature
:
Date
:
8 January 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK (LAB 1b)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
2/2 LAB 1b
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Igneous rock from reference set b) Igneous classification chart
5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the igneous classification charts and tabulate the results observation in the Tables 1.2.1 attached.
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS a) Rock name b) Texture c) Colour d) Mineral composition e) Chemical composition f) Origin g) Sketch / Others
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION (1) Briefly explain two (2) types of igneous rock (2) Explain the igneous rock classification according to the texture and chemical and mineral composition.
8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the igneous rock in the given Table 1.2.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.1 ROCK NAME
TEXTURE
COLOUR
IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK MINERAL COMPOSITION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
ORIGIN
SKETCH
IGNEOUS CLASSIFICATION CHART
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK (LAB 1c)
NO. OF PAGES:
1/2
EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
LAB 1c
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of sedimentary rock specimen in the laboratory.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Students should able to recognize types of sedimentary rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. b) Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of sedimentary rocks for civil engineering application. c) Students should able to understand sedimentary rock forming on the earth.
3.0 THEORY
(a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is sedimentary or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the sedimentary rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic Stratification and sorting of grains into layers according to their size. Fragmental texture. Grains often rounded.
Sedimentary
Structures such as bedding, ripple marks and mud cracks. Presence of fossils. Presence of minerals of chemical or organic origin, such as halite, gypsum, chert carbonates. Absence of easily weathered minerals such as biotite and augite.
(b) Description
Physical characteristics Structure
Colour Massive, bedded or cross bedded Note whether grain is uniform or uneven.
Grain and constituents
To be uneven, there must be marked contras between larger and smaller grains. If the rock is uniform, it is usually fine in grain and does not show definite fragments, but may contain fossils.
Prepared by
:
Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer
Name
:
Mohd Hazreek bin Zainal Abidin
Signature
:
Date
:
8 January 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK (LAB 1c)
NO. OF PAGES:
2/2
EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
LAB 1c
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Sedimentary rock from reference set b) Sedimentary classification chart
5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the sedimentary classification charts and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.2 attached.
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS a) Rock name b) Texture c) Mode of origin d) Composition of clastic rock e) Composition of crystalline rock f) Sketch / others
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION (1) List the characteristics that distinguish sedimentary rocks from igneous and metamorphic rocks. (2) Explain all the genesis of sedimentary rocks.
8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the sedimentary rock in the given Table 1.2.2 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.2 ROCK NAME
TEXTURE
IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
MODE OF ORIGIN
COMPOSITION OF ROCK
CLASSIFICATION
SKETCH
SEDIMENTARY CLASSIFICATION CHART
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK (LAB 1d)
NO. OF PAGES:
1/2
EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
LAB 1d
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of metamorphic rock specimen in the laboratory.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) b) c)
Students should able to recognize types of metamorphic rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of metamorphic rocks for civil engineering application. Students should able to understand metamorphic rock forming on the earth.
3.0 THEORY
(a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is metamorphic or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the metamorphic rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic Parallel orientation of mineral crystals.
Metamorphic
Interlocking crystal. Secondary cleavage independent bedding. Foliation, schistosity and slaty texture.
(b) Description
Physical characteristics
Colour Decide whether the rock is best described as uniform fine grained, medium fine grained or coarse grained.
Structure and Grain
The coarser grained granular rocks results from high-grade metamorphism in which great pressure from many directions, not from one direction only, has been the dominant factor.
Prepared by
:
Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer
Name
:
Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin
Signature
:
Date
:
8 January 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : INFRASTRUCTURE & GEOMATIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK (LAB 1d)
NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:
1/2 LAB 1d
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Metamorphic rock from reference set b) Metamorphic classification chart
5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the metamorphic classification charts and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.3 attached.
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS (a) Rock name (b) Structure (c) Grain (d) Mineral composition (e) Parent Rock (f) Metamorphism type (e) Sketch / Others
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION (1) What is foliation? (2) Distinguish between slaty cleavage, phyllitic, schistosity and gneissic texture.
8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the metamorphic rock in the given Table 1.2.3 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
TABLE 1.2.4 ROCK NAME
STRUCTURE
GRAIN
IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK MINERAL COMPOSITION
PARENT ROCK
METAMORPHISM TYPE
SKETCH
METAMORPHIC CLASSIFICATION CHART
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